Constitutional amendments most tested in CAPF Paper I, each with the year and the change it made, in compact tables
The Constitution is amended under Article 368. Cover the right column and recall what each amendment did. Numbers and years are durable; the running total of amendments grows, so for the very latest amendment number verify the latest. For the basic-structure limit on amendment power see landmark supreme court cases and amendments and basic structure.
| Amendment (Year) | What it did |
|---|---|
| 1st (1951) | Added Ninth Schedule to protect land-reform laws; reasonable restrictions on Article 19 |
| 7th (1956) | Reorganised States on linguistic lines following the States Reorganisation Act |
| 24th (1971) | Affirmed Parliament's power to amend any part of the Constitution including Fundamental Rights |
| 25th (1971) | Curtailed right to property; introduced Article 31C |
| 26th (1971) | Abolished privy purses and privileges of former princes |
| Amendment (Year) | What it did |
|---|---|
| 42nd (1976) | The "Mini-Constitution"; added Socialist, Secular, Integrity to the Preamble; added Fundamental Duties (51A); curtailed judicial review; passed during the Emergency |
| 44th (1978) | Reversed many 42nd Amendment excesses; made right to property a legal right (Article 300A); "internal disturbance" replaced by "armed rebellion" for National Emergency; protected Articles 20 and 21 even during emergency |
| 52nd (1985) | Anti-defection law; added the Tenth Schedule |
| 61st (1988) | Reduced voting age from 21 to 18 (Article 326) |
See anti defection and tenth schedule and citizenship and emergency provisions.
| Amendment (Year) | What it did |
|---|---|
| 73rd (1992) | Panchayati Raj; added Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule |
| 74th (1992) | Municipalities; added Part IX-A and the Twelfth Schedule |
| 86th (2002) | Right to education as Article 21A; added duty 51A(k); recast Article 45 |
| 97th (2011) | Co-operative societies; right to form them under Article 19; added Part IX-B |
See local government and fundamental rights.
| Amendment (Year) | What it did |
|---|---|
| 101st (2016) | Goods and Services Tax; created the GST Council (Article 279A) |
| 102nd (2018) | Constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (Article 338B) |
| 103rd (2019) | 10 per cent reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (Articles 15(6), 16(6)) |
| 104th (2019) | Ended reserved seats for Anglo-Indians; extended SC/ST reservation in legislatures |
| 105th (2021) | Restored States' power to identify Socially and Educationally Backward Classes |
| 106th (2023) | Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam: one-third reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies (implementation after delimitation; verify the latest) |
| Schedule | Added by |
|---|---|
| Ninth | 1st Amendment (1951) |
| Tenth | 52nd Amendment (1985) |
| Eleventh | 73rd Amendment (1992) |
| Twelfth | 74th Amendment (1992) |
See schedules and lists.