One screen per section. Cover the right column and test yourself. Attributions and dates below follow standard reference usage; where multiple claimants or dates exist, the conventionally examined answer is given. For any contested attribution, verify the latest scholarship.
A useful distinction the exam exploits: a discovery is finding something that already existed in nature (gravity, electron, blood circulation); an invention is creating a device or method that did not exist (telephone, dynamo, vaccine technique).
| Discovery / phenomenon |
Credited to |
| Law of gravitation, laws of motion |
Isaac Newton |
| Theory of relativity |
Albert Einstein |
| Photoelectric effect (explanation) |
Albert Einstein |
| Quantum theory |
Max Planck |
| Electron |
J J Thomson (1897) |
| Proton |
Ernest Rutherford |
| Neutron |
James Chadwick (1932) |
| Atomic nucleus |
Ernest Rutherford |
| Radioactivity |
Henri Becquerel; advanced by Marie and Pierre Curie |
| X-rays |
Wilhelm Roentgen (1895) |
| Raman effect (scattering of light) |
C V Raman (1928) |
| Archimedes' principle |
Archimedes |
| Discovery |
Credited to |
| Periodic table (periodic law) |
Dmitri Mendeleev |
| Oxygen |
Joseph Priestley / Carl Wilhelm Scheele |
| Hydrogen |
Henry Cavendish |
| Radium and Polonium |
Marie and Pierre Curie |
| Atomic theory (modern) |
John Dalton |
| Law of conservation of mass |
Antoine Lavoisier |
| Penicillin |
Alexander Fleming (1928) |
| Structure of DNA (double helix) |
James Watson and Francis Crick (1953) |
| Discovery |
Credited to |
| Circulation of blood |
William Harvey |
| Cell |
Robert Hooke |
| Bacteria, microscopy of microbes |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
| Vaccination (smallpox) |
Edward Jenner |
| Theory of evolution by natural selection |
Charles Darwin |
| Laws of heredity (genetics) |
Gregor Mendel |
| Malaria parasite transmission by mosquito |
Ronald Ross |
| Tuberculosis and cholera bacteria |
Robert Koch |
| Rabies and anthrax vaccines, pasteurisation |
Louis Pasteur |
| Insulin |
Banting and Best |
| Polio vaccine |
Jonas Salk (injected); Albert Sabin (oral) |
| Blood groups (ABO system) |
Karl Landsteiner |
| Invention |
Inventor |
| Steam engine (improved) |
James Watt |
| Dynamo / electromagnetic induction |
Michael Faraday |
| Electric bulb (incandescent) |
Thomas Alva Edison |
| Telephone |
Alexander Graham Bell |
| Radio (wireless telegraphy) |
Guglielmo Marconi |
| Aeroplane (powered flight) |
Wright Brothers (1903) |
| Diesel engine |
Rudolf Diesel |
| Television |
John Logie Baird |
| Printing press (movable type, Europe) |
Johannes Gutenberg |
| Dynamite |
Alfred Nobel |
| Invention |
Inventor / origin |
| Telegraph and Morse code |
Samuel Morse |
| World Wide Web |
Tim Berners-Lee (1989) |
| Mechanical computer (Analytical Engine) |
Charles Babbage ("father of the computer") |
| Transistor |
Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley |
| Laser |
Theodore Maiman (first working laser) |
| Ballpoint pen |
Laszlo Biro |
| Photography (early) |
Louis Daguerre / Nicephore Niepce |
| Person |
Associated with |
| C V Raman |
Raman effect; Nobel Physics 1930 |
| J C Bose |
Plant response to stimuli; early radio waves research |
| S N Bose |
Bose-Einstein statistics; "boson" named after him |
| S Chandrasekhar |
Chandrasekhar limit (stellar mass); Nobel 1983 |
| Har Gobind Khorana |
Genetic code; Nobel Medicine 1968 |
| Venkatraman Ramakrishnan |
Ribosome structure; Nobel Chemistry 2009 |
| Homi J Bhabha |
Father of India's nuclear programme |
| Vikram Sarabhai |
Father of India's space programme |
| M S Swaminathan |
Father of India's Green Revolution |